UCA Harvard Referencing
What is Harvard Referencing?
Harvard is the method by which you acknowledge using someone else’s writing, work, or ideas in your own academic writing while studying at UCA. The Harvard system consists of two main components:
- Citations. Citations are used in the body of your writing to show when you have referred to the writing, work, or ideas of another author. They usually consist of the author’s surname, year of publication, and page number (where applicable) and are contained within brackets. Each of your citations should link to a corresponding entry in your bibliography.
- Bibliography. A bibliography is a list of all the sources that you used, or consulted, to complete your assignment. The bibliography should be arranged in alphabetical order and contains more detail on your sources, including how you accessed them.
If you use images you will also need to reference them separately using captions and a list of illustrations.
Why is referencing important?
Making sure that you accurately cite and reference the writing, work and/or ideas produced by somebody else is an essential part of academic writing. Here are some reasons why it is so important:
- Avoid plagiarism. Using citations and referencing accurately will help you avoid accusations of plagiarism because it gives you a means to fully acknowledge your sources.
- Support your argument or claim. Referencing other authors in your work demonstrates that your argument is based on existing knowledge and helps demonstrate that you have carried out appropriate research.
- Demonstrate your honesty & integrity. As a student at UCA you are expected to comply with student regulations and, as a future creative professional, referencing accurately is a way to demonstrate your professionalism, honesty and integrity.
- Demonstrate the breadth of your research. Your referencing allows you to show what research you have done while completing your assignment.
- Source checking. Your lecturers will be interested to see what kind of sources you have used, and your referencing allows other people to do this too; this is all part of good academic practice.
Plagiarism is deliberately or accidentally presenting someone else’s writing, work or ideas as if they are your own. It is also possible to self-plagiarise by submitting an assignment that you have previously submitted at UCA or at another institution. Plagiarism is a very serious offence that can lead to you having to re-submit your work, receiving a zero grade, and, in some situations, being expelled from the university. Harvard referencing correctly is the most important thing you can do to avoid accusations of plagiarism.
Learn more about our Academic Misconduct Regulations, plagiarism, other forms of academic misconduct, and how to avoid them by completing our Academic Integrity Toolkit on myLibrary.
Unintentional plagiarism happens when you do not have a clear understanding of what plagiarism is or how to reference correctly. Common misunderstandings are -
- you try to put information from a source into your own words (paraphrasing) but fail to alter the words enough to make it from your own
- you put information from a source into your own words (paraphrasing) but fail to tell the reader where you got the information from
- you have failed to indicate that some text is a direct quote
- you put a paragraph together by joining sentences from several sources but don't acknowledged the sources
- you fail to keep a record of where you have obtained quotes or ideas from
Avoiding Plagiarism
The most effective way to avoid plagiarism is to reference. Referencing consists of citations - which acknowledge the work and ideas of others and a bibliography, or in the case of images - list of illustrations, is a complete list of all the citations and their sources you have used. You will need to add citations to your work when you -
- Quote the words of someone else
- Paraphrase or summarize the ideas of someone else
- Add images showing the work of someone else/your own
You can use Referencing Tools to help you format your citations, bibliography and list of illustrations into the correct referencing style - UCA Harvard.
Turnitin is an online service which helps staff to identify suspected cases of plagiarism. It will compare a submitted assignment with a database of journal articles, books, web pages past and present and previously submitted assignments and will indicate the sources of any matching text which it identifies.
Accessing Turnitin
Turnitin is accessed via myUCA. Log in using your UCA username and password and you will see the ;myCourse home page, which gives you access to your entire course, units and a range of other resources.
Usually Turnitin will be found in the Submit You Work area on myUCA. This will be an option on the left of the unit or course page where you access material relating to the unit you are using Turnitin for.
Your tutor will inform you if you are required to submit an assignment via Turnitin. You will be given an opportunity to try the service to see how it works before the final submission date.
Submitting your work to Turnitin
Printing your digital receipt
Understanding Turnitin's Similarity Report
The Turnitin Similarity Report highlights matches between your assignment and its database of sources. There can be many reasons for the matches, they do not mean that you have plagiarised as only your tutor can decide that not Turnitin. Reasons for text matches could be that:
- You put your quotes in single and not double quotation marks, Turnitin is set to ignore quotes in double quotation marks.
- You have repeated a common phrase or a title of a work of art that Turnitin has seen before.
- You paraphrased the words of someone else and provided a citation but if you used many of the same words it will still provide a text match.
Understanding the Similarity Report
A citation is used in the body of your writing to indicate when you have referred to someone else’s writing, work or ideas. Your citations provide some basic information about the sources you used but are intended to link to your bibliography, which contains more detailed information about your sources and how you accessed them.
Your citations have to be written in a particular way but this can change depending on the kind of source you are using, how many authors they have, and how you are integrating them into your work. The citation for most sources consists of the author’s surname, the year of publication and the page number (where applicable) contained within round brackets, and formatted exactly like this:
(Butler, 2006:8)
You should use citations to acknowledge your sources when using direct quotations and when paraphrasing. The rest of this section will address some of the common questions raised on writing citations. If you are placing your citation at the end of a sentence then the full-stop should be placed after the final bracket of your citation, not within the citation.
Quoting someone’s exact words is called a direct quotation and these are placed within double speech marks. The citation normally appears at the end of your quotation, like this:
“whatever biological intractability sex appears to have, gender is culturally constructed” (Butler, 2006:8).
If you include the author’s name in your writing then it is possible to put the citation directly after the surname, like in these examples:
The architect Daniel Libeskind (1997:153) argues that “in representing the making of architecture as an autonomous activity (having more affinity to technique than science) this thinking intentionally narrows itself to a process of date collecting operations.”
David Olusoga (2016:97) states how “those who did escape slavery in Britain, like those who were freed with no trade, education or support, lived lives that were extremely hard.”
If your direct quotation is more than three lines long then it should be indented to stand out from the rest of your writing, like this:
“There is no doubt that machine learning has the power to transform industries, either augmenting humans or replacing them in certain tasks. However, this should not happen until researchers find ways to make algorithms more understandable and, in turn, more accountable” (Fan, 2019:72)
If a quote is too long for your needs you can use a partial quotation instead by removing irrelevant portions of text and replacing the missing parts with three full stops, like in these examples:
“The function of the culture industry is...to organize leisure time in the same way as capitalist industrialization has organised work time. Work under capitalism stunts the senses; the function of the culture industry is to continue the process” (Storey, 2017:11)
“On the contrary we can only understand an effective and dominant culture if we understand the real social process on which it depends...educational institutions are usually the main agencies of the transmission of an effective dominant culture” (Williams, 2005:38-39)
An indirect quotation is when you explain someone’s writing, work or ideas in your own words. This is also known as paraphrasing. There is no need to use double quotation marks but you must still include a citation. Paraphrasing is more complex than changing the occasional word, you must be able to convey the author’s original meaning while summarising or simplifying their writing. For example, here is a direct quotation:
“Of course, if women could subvert so-called masculine traits by adapting and adopting masculine fashions, then it was also possible for men to procure feminine styles for themselves, and, as the century progressed, the cries of ‘gender confusion’ by media and academic commentators became increasingly loud” (Arnold, 2001:101)
This direct quotation could be paraphrased like this:
Increasing discourse surrounding gender emerged as the traditional distinctions between male and female fashion became blurred (Arnold, 2001:101).
Or, like this:
Traditional notions of gender were challenged by women wearing fashions usually intended for men and men wearing fashions usually intended for women (Arnold, 2001:101).
Paraphrasing depends upon your own writing style and vocabulary but it is important that you do not misrepresent the original source and that you remember to acknowledge your source using a citation.
If your source has two authors then you include both names in your citation, like the following examples:
(Ambrose and Harris, 2015:24)
(Harryhausen and Dalton, 2005:116)
If your source has more than two authors then you can write the name of the first author followed by et al., which is an abbreviation of a Latin phrase meaning “and others.” Et al. should be placed in italics. However, please note, you should list all authors in the bibliography:
Citation:
(Clover et al., 2022:15)
Bibliography:
Clover, D. E., Sanford, K. and Harman, K. (2022) Feminism, adult education and creative possibility: imaginative responses. London: Bloomsbury.
To differentiate between multiple works by the same author(s) that are published in the same year, add letters in alphabetical order at the end of the year of publication. The example below shows citations of two works by the same author published in the same year. The first citation in the bibliography has 'a' added after the year, and the second citation in the bibliography has 'b' added after the citation:
(Trafford, 2019a)
(Trafford, 2019b:38)
In your bibliography as the author and the year are the same, the references should be ordered alphabetically by the title.
If you’re using a company name rather than a personal name, this rule still applies:
(Mintel, 2019a)
(Mintel, 2019b)
To differentiate between authors with the same surname you should add the initials of the author to the citation. The addition of initials will avoid any confusion over who you are referencing and will make it easier to find the corresponding entry in your bibliography.
(R. Williams, 2005:99) (G. Williams, 2007:13)
Some books have an overall editor but chapters written by different authors, these are known as edited collections. If you are not sure whether the book you are using is an edited collection, take a look at the table of contents to see whether the they include authors’ names alongside the chapter titles.
When citing a chapter from a book, use the author of the chapter and not the overall editor of the book for your citation. For example, the book Thinking Through Fashion, edited by Agnès Rocamora and Anneke Smelik, contains a chapter called ‘Michel Foucault: fashioning the body politic’ by Jane Tynan. The citation for this example would be: (Tynan, 2016:187)
It is sometimes necessary to cite an author already quoting somebody else, this is sometimes called secondary referencing or an indirect citation. Your tutor may prefer that you use the original source, rather than the work of the person quoting them, so always check with them to be sure.
As an example, Rosalind Gill, in her book Gender and the Media uses the following quote by Judith Williamson:
“it used to be an act of daring on the left to claim enjoyment of Dallas, disco dancing or any other piece of mass popular culture. Now it seems to require equal daring to suggest that such activities, while certainly enjoyable, are not radical” (Williamson, 1986:14)
If you wanted to use this quote in your own writing then your citation would be like this:
(Williamson, 1986:14 cited in Gill, 2007:16)
You use the citation details of the original quote but then use the words “cited in” to indicate the source you got it from. In this instance, the only book you would need to enter in your bibliography would be the one written by Rosalind Gill.
There will be occasions where you need to reference a person who is not the author of a source and where there is no original source. In those instances the format for secondary referencing is appropriate. For example, if you are referencing an interviewee from an interview and the interviewer is the author of the article, or if you are referencing a character in a film or a person in a documentary.
It is better to use the name of a person, where possible, but there are sometimes cases where you can use a company name instead. For example, you may need to do this if using published reports by a company, charity or other organisation when they have not listed a named author, or if you use an article from a website and there is no personal author indicated. Here are some examples:
(Deloitte, 2019:34) (Rolling Stone, 2019:5)
(Kering, 2019) (Refuge, 2018:1)
It is always better to include accurate information in your citations but there may sometimes be situations where there is no author or publication date listed. If you find yourself in this situation, you can use the following abbreviations instead:
If there is no author indicated and it’s not possible to use a company name instead then use s.n. instead, this is a Latin abbreviation for the phrase “without a name”:
(s.n., 2019:43)
If there is no date indicated then use s.d., a Latin abbreviation for the phrase “without a date”:
(Jones, s.d.:32)
It is better to use these sparingly, only when absolutely necessary, because your tutor may question the quality of your sources if you are unable to identify this information.
Films, television programmes and online videos are one of the few exceptions to the usual citation format. Instead of using an author’s name, you simply use the name of the film, television programme or online video (written in italics) and the year it was released, like this:
(Green Book, 2018) (The Red Turtle, 2016)
(HyperNormalisation, 2016) (La Maison en Petits Cubes, 2012)
If you would like to refer to a specific episode in a multi-series television programme then you can include the season and episode number in your citation too:
(Orange is the New Black: Season 5, episode 6, 2017)
(Game of Thrones: Season 3, episode 7, 2013)
If you are citing someone from a film, television progrmme or online video you will need to use the same format as a secondary citaion. This will make it clear who the person you are citing is, and where the idea is from. If you only cite the person your reference won’t link to your bibliography where the film, television programme or online video will be found.
As an example to quote Adam Curtis from the TV programme HyperNormalisation your citation would look like one of these examples:
“the aim was to spread fear, uncertainty and doubt” (Curtis, cited in, HyperNormalisation, 2016)
According to Curtis (cited in, HyperNormalisation, 2016) “the aim was to spread fear, uncertainty and doubt”.
You can refer to multiple authors within the same citation if paraphrasing, this is typically done as part of a literature review. You simply include your citations in the standard format but separate them using a semi-colon. They should all be included with a single set of round brackets, like in this example:
Our notions of gender are culturally constructed (West and Zimmerman, 1987:126; Butler, 2006:8)
A bibliography is a list of all the sources referred to or consulted in order to complete your assignment. Your bibliography must be:
- Alphabetical (A-Z). Your bibliography must be arranged alphabetically by author’s surname in ascending order. That means that you start with names beginning with A, so Adams should appear before Zhou and Berger should appear before Greer. Company names and titles of films and tv shows should also be placed in the correct alphabetical order. If you have cited two texts by the same author in the same year they would be ordered alphabetically by the title.
- Formatted correctly. Your references must be written in a particular way, with specific bits of information placed in the correct order. It is important that you stick to the examples in this guide, making sure that brackets, full-stops and other characters are placed correctly.
- Placed at the end of your assignment. Your bibliography must be placed on a new page at the end of your assignment. If your assignment includes appendices, place your bibliography at the end of your assignment but before the appendices.
- Must match your citations. Every citation used in your writing should have a corresponding bibliography entry. Make sure that the year of publication and surnames in your citations match those in your bibliography.
- Excluded from your word count. Your bibliography should not be included in the word count for your assignment.
How to write references
Before writing your references, you will need specific bits of information that will vary depending on the kind of source you are using. For all your references you will need to start with the following:
- Author and/or editor
- Year of publication / creation / broadcast
- Title
- Information on how and when the source was published
Your references must be written in a particular way, with all the required information placed in the correct order. For example, this is a breakdown of a book reference:
Writing references: the most popular sources
| Information Required | Examples |
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| Name of the author(s) Year of publication Title of book Edition (if applicable) Place of publication Name of publisher |
Dyer, R. (2004) Heavenly bodies: film stars and society. (2nd ed.) London: Routledge. Olusoga D. (2016) Black and British: a forgotten history. London: Pan Books. Posner, H. (2015) Marketing fashion: strategy branding and promotion. (2nd ed.) London: Laurence King. |
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Notes Author(s) Name – Enter the surname first, followed by initials. Initials should always have a full stop after them. For multiple authors, follow the same format but separate them with an and or a coma, for example: Jones, A. and Bloggs, J. ; Jones, A., Bloggs, J. and Smith, B. Edition – The edition should be placed in round brackets. Only include major numbered editions. Place of publication – This should be the town or city where the publisher is based. If multiple cities are listed then choose the most local one, for example some publishers have offices in London, New York and Paris, but you should choose London unless you purchased your copy in another country. If the town or city duplicates one known in the UK, for example, Cambridge, Massachusetts in the United States of America, then it is fine to include the state abbreviation and country, if necessary, like this: Cambridge, MA, USA. If no location is indicated, use s.l. instead. |
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| Information Required | Examples |
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| Name of the author(s) Year of publication Title of book Edition (if applicable) Place of publication Name of publisher Web Address (URL) Date accessed |
Entwistle. J. (2015) The fashioned body (2nd ed.) London: Polity Press. At: https://ebookcentral.prorequest.com/lib/ucreative-ebooks/detail.action?docID=1983497 (Accessed 24/08/2020). Hoskins, S. (2018) 3D printing for artists, designers and makers. London: Bloomsbury Visual Arts. At: https://ucreative.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://doi.org/10.5040/9781474248730?locatt=label:secondary_bloomsburyCollections (Accessed 24/08/2020). |
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Notes Edition – This edition should be placed in round brackets. Only include major numbered editions. Date Accessed – This date should indicate when you last accessed your source. |
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| Information Required | Examples |
|---|---|
| Name of the chapter author(s) Year of publication Title of chapter Name of the editor(s) Title of book Edition (if applicable) Place of publication Name of publisher Page range of chapter |
Tynan, J. (2015) 'Michael Foucault: fashioning the body politic' In: Rocamora, A. and Smelik, A. (eds.) Thinking through fashion: A guide to key theorists. London: I.B. Tauris. pp.184–199. At: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ucreative-ebooks/detail.action?docID=5724613 (Accessed 27/07/2023). Hall, S. (2018) 'The whites of their eyes: racist ideologies and the media' In: Dines, G. Humez, J. M., Yousman, L. B. (eds.) Gender, race and class in media.(5th ed.) London: Sage. pp.90-92. |
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Notes Author(s) – Use the author(s) of the chapter rather than the editors of the overall book. Put the surname first, followed by the initials. Year of Publication – This is usually the year of publication of the overall book. Edition – Only include major numbered editions, if applicable. Place of publication – See entry for books. Page range – You must include the page range of the chapter. That is the page number that the chapter starts on, and the page number that it ends on, separated by a hyphen. |
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| Information Required | Examples |
|---|---|
| Name of the article author(s) Year of publication Title of article Title of journal Volume number Issue number Page range of article |
Christensen, L.H. (2019) 'Curating the poster: an environmental approach' In: Design Issues 35 (2) pp.17-27. Smith, K. (2018)'Honky tonk hairdos: Winifred Atwell and the professionalization of black hairdressing in Britain' In: Fashion Theory 22 (6) pp.593-616. Liao, S.X.T. (2016) 'Japanese console games popularization in China: Governance, copycats, and gamers' In: Games and Culture: a journal of interactive media 11(3) pp.275-297. |
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Notes Title of article – The title of your article must be placed in single speech marks (' '). Volume and Issue numbers – You can write these in shorthand form, for example Volume 23 Issue 4 can be written as 23 (4). Title of journal – The title of journal should be italicised. Page range – You must include the page range of the article. That is the page number the article starts on and the page number ends on, separated by a hyphen. |
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| Information Required | Examples |
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Name of the article author(s) |
Nolen, S. B., Horn, I. S. and Ward, C. J. (2015) 'Situating motivation' In: Educational Psychologist 50 (3) pp.234-247. At: http://search.ebscohost.com.ucreative.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ehh&AN=110025837&site=ehost-live (Accessed 24/08/2020). Barton G. and Hosea, B. (2017) 'Animation as mindful practice' In: Animation Practice, Process & Production 6 (1) pp.149-171. At: https://doi.org.ucreative.idm.oclc.org/10.1386/ap3.6.1.149_1 (Accessed 24/08/2020). Rabbat, N. O. (2018) 'Edward Said's orientalism and architectural history' In: Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 77 (4) pp.388-396. At: https://jsah.ucpress.edu/content/77/4/388 (Accessed 24/08/2020). |
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Notes Title of article – The title of your article must be placed in single speech marks (' '). Volume and Issue numbers – You can write these in shorthand form, for example Volume 23 Issue 4 can be written as 23 (4). Title of journal – The title of journal should be italicised. Page range – You must include the page range of the article. That is the page number the article starts on and the page number ends on, separated by a hyphen. Web address (URL/DOI) – This should be the direct web address (URL) to the journal article, do not use a link to the journal landing page or contents page. If your journal article contains a DOI then you have the option of including that instead. Date Accessed – This date should indicate when you last accessed your source. |
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| Information Required | Examples |
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Name of the article author(s) |
Moore, S. (2019) 'Britain's lost women: the lives and work of previously obscure 17th Century female artists are explored in a London exhibition' In: FT Weekend 29/06/2019 p.15. Woode, D. (2019) ' Bank of England takes steps to contain consumer panic over Brexit' In: i 12/03/2019 p.10. |
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Notes Title of Article – The title of your article must be placed in single speech marks (' '). Title of Newspaper – The title of journal should be italicised. Date of publication – This should be the exact date the newspaper was printed. Date number/page range of article – You must include the page number or page range of the article. The page range is the page number the article starts on and the page number ends on, separated by a hyphen. |
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| Information Required | Examples |
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| Name of article author(s) Year of publication Title of newspaper Web address (URL) Date accessed |
Hirsch, A. (2019) 'We have to avoid integration becoming another form of racism' In: The Guardian 13/09/2019 At: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/sep/13/integration-racism-assimilation-britain-heritage (Accessed 24/08/2020). Mahtani, S. and Liang, T. (2019) 'Under Hong Kong's streets, the subway becomes a battleground for protesters and police' In: The Washington Post 12/09/2019 At: https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/under-hong-kongs-streets-the-subway-becomes-a-battleground-for-protesters-and-police/2019/09/11/a29eac2a-d0c7-11e9-a620-0a91656d7db6_story.html (Accessed 24/08/2020). |
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Notes Title of Article – The title of your article must be placed in single speech marks (' '). Title of Newspaper – The title of journal should be italicised. Web address (URL) – This should be direct link to the article that you used. |
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| Information Required | Examples |
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| Name of author / creator Year of publication Title of page (or social media post) Web address (URL) Date accessed |
Seymour, T. (2019) After the fall: documenting the end of the caliphate. At: https://www.bjp-online.com/2019/08/ivor-prickett/ (Accessed 24/08/2020). Merriam Webster (2020) Definition of inequality. At: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/inequality (Accessed 24/08/2020). Open AI (2023) ChatGPT. At: https://chat.openai.com (Accessed 28/04/2023). Makeup (2022) Elegant make-up look: love it or leave it. At: https://www.tiktok.com/@makeup/video/7070256253187919146 (Accessed 02/02/2022). |
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Notes Please note that online newspaper articles are referenced differently to standard websites, see the entry above for Newspapers and magazine articles (Online) above. Author – Use a named author wherever possible. If no named author is indicated, use the company name or website name, website name, or account name (if social media) instead. Company names should be written with correct grammar, for example, the website www.christiandiorcom would be written as Christian Dior. Title of page – This should be the heading of the page, indicating what it contains. If the webpage you are using is a sub-section of a larger section, use a colon ( : ) to express it as a subtitle. Year of Publication – If no date of publication is indicated and the information seems current then use the year accessed. If the information seems dated and there is no date indicated, use s.d. instead. Date accessed – The date should indicate when you last accessed your source. |
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Writing references: other sources
| Information Required | Examples |
|---|---|
| Name of Act Year of publication Name of reigning monarch Chapter Web address (URL) Date accessed |
The Data Protection Act (2018) Elizabeth II. Ch. 2. At: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2018/12/contents (Accessed 24/08/2020). The Equality Act (2010) Elizabeth II. Ch. 5. At: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/contents (Accessed 24/08/2020).
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Notes Name of act – This should be placed in italics. Name of reigning monarch – The name of the monarch during whose reign the act was passed. Any act created since 1952 would be under Elizabeth II. Web Address (URL) – This should be the direct link to the act you are referring to. |
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| Information Required | Examples |
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| Author / creator's name Year of publication / publication Title of item Medium Archive name and number Location of archive Name of library / archive |
Wilding Davidson, E. (1912) Writing relating to imprisonment (Prison diary). [pencil manuscript and carbon-copy typescript] Papers of Emily Wilding Davidson 7EWD. London School of Economics: Women's library. Godfrey, B. (c1970) Roobarb dressed as 'Ziggy Starburst' and holding a guitar. [pencil drawing] University for the Creative Arts: Bob Godfrey Archive. |
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Notes Medium – The kind of item you are referring to, in general terms, e.g. manuscript, drawing, letter, artefact. |
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| Information Required | Examples |
|---|---|
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Artist or photographers name |
Blake W. (1827) 'Europe' Plate i: Frontispiece, 'The Ancient of Days'. [Relief etching with ink and watercolour on paper] London: Tate Britain. 11/09/2019-02/02/2020 Van Gogh, V. (1888) Sunflowers. [Oil on canvas] London: National Gallery. Calder, A. (c1930) Mobile. [Metal, wood, wire and string] London: Tate Modern. |
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Notes Date of Exhibition – If the artwork is being displayed in a temporary exhibition include the dates the exhibition was on display. |
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| Information Required | Examples |
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Name of the author(s) |
Le Guin, U. (2018). A Wizard of Earthsea. Narrated by Holdbrook-Smith, K. At: https://www.audible.co.uk/pd/A-Wizard-of-Earthsea-Audiobook/B07KRJLBJB?qid=1647347217&sr=1-1&ref=a_search_c3_lProduct_1_1&pf_rd_p=c6e316b8-14da-418d-8f91-b3cad83c5183&pf_rd_r=CH6TZ5GH08B30FR70XQB (Accessed 19/03/19). |
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Notes
Year of publication – This should be the date the audiobook was published; this might differ from the date the book was published. |
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| Information Required | Examples |
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Author(s) name |
Ampanavos, S. and Markaki, M. (2014) 'Digital cities: towards a new identity of public space' In: Cairns, G. (ed.)The MeDiated City Conference Proceedings. Ravensbourne University, London 01-03/04/2014. London: Architecture, Media, Politics Society. At: http://architecturemps.com/ Higgins, L. (2019) ' The marketplace and I: a disability arts methodology' In: Egan, J. (ed.) 52nd Annual Academy of Marketing Conference Proceedings. Regent's University, London. 02-04/07/2019. London: Academy of Marketing. At: https://issuu.com/regentscollege/ |
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Notes Conference title/document title – This field can be the name of the conference or the name of the proceedings as published. It should be placed in italics. Web address and date accessed – These are only required if you accessed the proceedings online. The date should indicate when you last accessed your source. |
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| Information Required | Examples |
|---|---|
| Name of the artist / designer Year of exhibition or visit Title of exhibition Place of exhibition Name of gallery / museum Date of exhibition (if applicable) |
Blake, W. (2019) William Blake. [Exhibition] London: Tate Britain. 11/09/2019 - 02/02/2020. V&A (2019) Videogames: Design/Play/Disrupt. [Exhibition] London: V&A. 08/09/2018 - 24/02/2019. |
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Notes Name of artist/designer – If the exhibition was not dedicated to a single artist place the name of the gallery or museum first (see 2nd example above). Date of Exhibition – If the artwork is being displayed in a temporary exhibition include the dates the exhibition was on display. |
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| Information Required | Examples |
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Title of film |
Selma (2014) Directed by DuVernay, A. [DVD] London: Pathe. Stalker (2002) Directed by Tarkovsky, A. [DVD] London: Artificial Eye. Thor: Ragnarok (2017) Directed by Waititi, T. [Bluray] London: Marvel Studios. |
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Notes Title of Film – The title should be placed in italics. Year of Release – The date the film was released in the format that you are using. Name of Director – The name of the director should be placed surname first, followed by initials. Format – The format should be entered within square brackets. You should indicate whether you watched the film on VD, Bluray, VHS etc. Location of the Studio/Production Company – This is the town or city where the film studio is based. If they are a multi-national company you can use the city where their regional office is based. |
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| Information Required | Examples |
|---|---|
| Title of film Year of publication / release Name of Director Format / Medium Web address (URL) Date accessed |
Ex Machina (2014) Directed by Garland, A. [Netflix] At: https://www.netflix.com/watch/80023689 (Accessed 24/08/2020). Hanna Arendt (2013) Directed by Von Trotta, M. [Kanopy] At: https://ucreative.kanopy.com/video/hannah-arendt-3 (Accessed 24/08/2020). The True Cost (2015) Directed by Ross, M. [Amazon Prime Video] At: https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/video/detail/B07PNN73T6/ref=cm_sw_em_r_pv_wb_U52Q9g4lbx8xE (Accessed 24/08/2020). |
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Notes Title of Film – The title should be placed in italics. Year of Release – This should be the date the source you're using was released. Format/Medium – The format/medium should be placed in suare brackets. This should indicate the online service through which you accessed the film, e.g. Netflix, Amazon Prime, etc. Name of Director – The name of the director should be placed surname first, followed by initials. Web address (URL) – Use the web address of the film’s landing page on whichever streaming platform you used. |
|
| Information Required | Examples |
|---|---|
| Title of game Year of publication / release Console / format Location of studio Name of studio Web address (URL) (if applicable) Date accessed (if applicable) |
Illyriad (2011) [Browser-based] London: Illyriad Games Ltd. At: https://www.illyriad.co.uk/ (Accessed 24/08/2020). Minecraft (2011) [PC] Stockholm: Mojang. Pokémon Go (2016) [Android] San Francisco: Niantic. Zelda: Link's Awakening (2019) [Nintendo Switch] Tokyo: Nintendo EPD, Grezzo. |
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Notes Title of game – The title should be placed in italics. Year of Release – This should be the date the game you're referring to was released. Console/format – You should indicate the console that you used to play this game or in what format you accessed it, e.g. PS4, PC, Browser-based etc. |
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| Information Required | Examples |
|---|---|
| Name of lecturer Year of lecture Title of lecture or subject Place of lecture Medium Date lecture took place |
Labaki, N. (2018) Screenwriter's lecture series. [London: Princess Anne Theatre 25/11/2018]. Otobong, N. and Barlow, A. (2019) In conversation: Otobong Nkanga. [St. Ives Tate 21/09/2019]. Schjerfbeck, H. (2019) A conversation between two industries: art and fashion. [London: Royal Academy Arts 23/10/2019]. |
| Information Required | Examples |
|---|---|
| Name of artist Year of release Title of single / album Medium / Format Location of studio / distributor Name of studio / distributor |
Beyoncé (2016) Lemonade. [CD] New York: Columbia Records. Justice (2016) Woman. [12" Vinyl] Paris: Ed Banger, Because Music. Roy Kettle (2017) British bird sounds on CD: the definitive audio guides to birds in Britain. [Sound effects CD] London: British Library Publishing. |
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Notes Name of artist – The name of the artist should be included as a corporate author rather than surname, followed by initials. For example, write George Ezra and not Ezra, G. Title of single/album – The title should be placed in italics. Medium/Format – Place the medium or format in square brackets, as above. You should indicate the format of the album or single that you used, e.g. CD, Vinyl. Location of studio/distributor – This should be the town or city where the record label or distributor is based. |
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| Information Required | Examples |
|---|---|
|
Name of artist |
Christine and the Queens (2018) Chris. [Download] Paris: Because Music. At: https//www.amazon.co.uk/Chris-Explicit-Christine-Queens/dp/B07F6N722S/ (Accessed 24/08/2020). Bob Dylan (2014) The essential Bob Dylan. [Download] New York: Columbia Records. At: https://www.apple.com/uk/itunes/ (Accessed 24/08/2020). Solange (2016) A seat at the table. [Streaming] New York: Saint, Columbia Records. At: https://open.spotify.com/album/3Yko2SxDk4hc6fnclBQlcM (Accessed 24/08/2020). Pro Sound Effects (2016) Cinematic Winds - Demo. [Download] New York: Pro Sound Effects. At: https://soundcloud.com/pro-sound-effects/cinematic-winds-demo (Accessed 24/08/2020). |
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Notes Name of artist – The name of the artist should be included as a corporate author rather than surname, followed by initials. For example, write George Ezra and not Ezra, G. Title of single/album – The title should be placed in italics. Medium/Format – Place the medium or format in square brackets, as above. You should indicate whether your music was downloaded or streamed. Web address (URL) – This should be the direct link to the album, if possible. If not, simply link to the provider used. |
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| Information Required | Examples |
|---|---|
| Name of artist / festival Year of performance / festival Location of performance / festival Name of venue (if applicable) Exact date of performance / festival |
George Ezra (2019) [Isle of Wight: Isle of Wight Festival 15/06/2019]. Kurt Vile (2019) [Manchester: Albert Hall 10/11/2018]. Reading Festival (2019) [Reading: Little John's Farm 23/08/2019]. Saul Williams (2016) [London: The Garage 06/04/2016]. |
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Notes Use this referencing format for live performances of music and festivals. Name of artist – The name of the artist should be included as a corporate author rather than surname, followed by initials. For example, write George Ezra and not Ezra, G. Location of performance/festival – The town or city where the performance/festival took place. Name of venue – The name of the venue where the performance took place. Location, name of venue and date – These should all be placed within square brackets. |
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| Information Required | Examples |
|---|---|
| Title of video Year of publication / upload Medium Web address (URL) Date accessed |
Childish Gambino - This is America (2018) [Music Video] At: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VYOjWnS4cMY (Accessed 24/08/2020). Investigating the impacts of urban green spaces on wellbeing (2013) [Online video] At: https://vimeo.com/64293418 (Accessed 24/08/2020). La Maison en Petits Cubes (2012) [Short Animation] At: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jhQ75OV4VRs (Accessed 24/08/2020). L'Oréal Paris: True Match (Director's Cut) (2016) [Advertisement] At: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z6ftChi-elE (Accessed 24/08/2020). |
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Notes Title of video – The title should be placed in italics. Medium – State what kind of video you are using, e.g. music video, short animation, advertisement. If you're not sure how to classify the medium of the video, use Online Video. |
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| Information Required | Examples |
|---|---|
|
Author(s) name |
Fitzwater, L. (2019) Email to Badger, I. 20/03/2019. Open AI (2023) AI conversation with Badger, I. 20/03/2023. Turner, N. (2022) Zoom interview with Bell, A. 22/06/2019. (see Appendix A). Turner, N. (2022) In-person interview with Bell, A. 22/06/2019. |
Notes
Author – This is the author of email or person being interviewed. If the person you have interviewed has not given permission for you to use their name in your work, you should anonymise them and give an appropriate title, e.g. Subject, Person, Artist.
Medium of communication– Briefly provide the details of the medium used, e.g. Zoom, email, in-person, etc.
Receiver of communication – This is the person receiving the communication, usually the author who is receiving the email or conducting the interview.
Reference to the appendix (if applicable) – If the original email or transcription of the interview appears in your appendix, provide a note with details of where it can be found in the appendix.
| Information Required | Examples |
|---|---|
| Title of podcast / radio show Year of publication Medium / format Name of radio channel / service Web address (URL) Date accessed |
The Chris Moyles Show (2019) [Radio programme] Radio X 23/09/2019. At: https://www.globalplayer.com/catchup/radiox/uk/b8G7abG/ (Accessed 24/08/2020). Switch off with Konnie Huq: Scroobius Pip (2019) [Podcast] BBC Sounds 16/07/2019. At: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p07gn5wz (Accessed 24/08/2020). |
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Notes Title of podcast/radio show – The title should be placed in italics. Medium/format – The medium should be placed in square brackets and should indicate what kind of source you are using, for example, a podcast or radio programme. Web address (URL) – This should be the direct link to the podcast or radio programme as you accessed it online. |
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| Information Required | Examples |
|---|---|
|
Name of author / company |
WGSN (2022) Catwalk Analytics: Print & Colour A/W 22/23 04.05.2022. At: https://media.wgsn.com/fo_image_store/boards/93595/Catwalk_Analytics__Print___Colour_A_W_22_23.pdf (Accessed 01/05/2022). LS:N Global (2021) Sustainability Futures 2021 Report. London: The Future Laboratory. MarketLine (2022) Company Profile: NIKE Inc. At: https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=dmhls&AN=8E563969-FC1C-4D3A-8EEE-F9D79F81F0C3&site=ehost-live (Accessed 30/02/2022). King, K. (2022) Education, Training and Capacity Building in the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) 2021: Multilateral and Bilateral Ambitions Twenty Years On. London: London School of Economics. At: https://www.lse.ac.uk/ideas/Assets/Documents/2022-OccPaper-ChinaForesight.pdf (Accessed 21/06/2022).
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Notes Author – Use a named author wherever possible. If no named author is indicated, use the company name instead. Web address (URL/DOI) – This should be the web address (URL) to the report, do not use a link to the report landing page. If your report contains a DOI then you have the option to use that instead. Date accessed – The date should indicate when you last accessed your source. |
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| Information Required | Examples |
|---|---|
|
Name of television programme |
The Great British Bake-Off: Series 3, episode 4 (2019) [Television programme] Channel 4 17/09/2019. Jesy Nelson: 'Odd one out' (2019) [Television programme] BBC 1 12/09/2019. Good Omens: Episode 2 (2019) [Television programme] Amazon Prime 31/05/2019. At: https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/video/detail/B07FM7PHLQ/ (Accessed 24/08/2020). |
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Notes Name of channel/online service – If you viewed a broadcast channel then use the name of the channel, if you viewed it online then you can use the name of the service used, e.g. iPlayer, Amazon Prime, Netflix etc. Web address (URL) and date accessed – Only required if you viewed the television show online. |
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| Information Required | Examples |
|---|---|
| Title of production Year of performance / festival Name of director / choreographer (if applicable) Name of writer (if applicable) Location of performance Name of venue Exact date of performance |
Hamlet (2015) Directed by Turner, L. Written by Shakespeare, W. [London: Barbican 15/10/2015]. Onegin (2020) Choreographed by Cranko, D. [London: Royal Opera House 18/01/2020]. Translations (2019) Directed by Rickson, R. Written by Friel, B. [London: National Theatre 11/05/2018]. |
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Notes Title of tour/performance/festival – This should be placed in italics. Name of director/choreographer – Only required for theatre or dance performances. Name of writer (if applicable) – Only required for theatre performances. Location of performance/festival – The town or city where the performance/festival took place. Name of venue – The name of the venue where the performance took place. |
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| Information Required | Examples |
|---|---|
| Name of the author Date of publication Title of thesis / dissertation Academic level and document type Name of awarding institution Web address (URL) (if applicable) Date accessed (if applicable) |
Hubbard, A. (2018) How does the representation of women in celebrity culture reflect the ideals of successful femininity. [BA dissertation] University for the Creative Arts. Meechao, K. (2018) A study of stakeholders' experience of the architectural design process to stimulate an interactive form of communication. [PhD thesis] University for the Creative Arts/University of Brighton. At: https://research.uca.ac.uk/4843/ (Accessed 24/08/2020). Preston, D. (2018) The logic of corporate communication design. [PhD thesis] University of the Arts London. At: http://ualresearchonline.arts.ac.uk/14189/ (Accessed 24/08/2020). |
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Notes Title of thesis/dissertation – The title should be placed in italics. Academic level and document type – Write the academic level in abbreviated form and indicate what kind of document it is... e.g. Ma dissertation, PhD thesis. Web address (URL) – Only include the web address (URL) if you are accessing the thesis or dissertation online. This should be the direct link to the thesis or dissertation or its landing page if posted to an online repository. Date accessed – The date accessed should indicate when you were last able to access your source online. |
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| Information Required | Examples |
|---|---|
|
Name of author |
Barthes, R. (1983) The fashion system. Translated by Ward, M. and Howard, R. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Deleuze, G. (2004) The logic of sense. Translated by Lester, M. London: Continuum.
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Notes Use this referencing format for major works that have been translated professionally and published. If you translated part of a book using Google Translate then see the section below on Translated text (Online).
Title of book – This should be placed in italics. Year of publication – The year of publication should be the year the translated edition was published. |
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| Information Required | Examples |
|---|---|
|
Name of author |
Boyer, B. (2007) Snobisme et et vêtement de lux. [in French] (Snobbism and luxury clothes). Translated by Google Translate. At: https://translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&u= https://www.brown.edu/Research/Equinoxes/journal/Issue%25209/eqx9_boyer.html&prev=search (Accessed 24/08/2020). Leaman, G. (2019) Ty hwnt i ffiniau: cenedlaetholdeb a'r argyfwng hinsawdd. [in Welsh] (Beyond borders: nationalism and the climate crisis). Translated by Parfitt, M. At: https://pedwargwynt.cymru/dadansoddi/gol/tu-hwnt-i-ffiniau-cenedlaetholdeb-ar-argyfwng-hinsawdd (Accessed 24/08/2020).
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Notes Use this referencing format for text that you have translated using Google Translate or for text that you, or someone else, have personally translated.
Title in original language – The original title should be placed in italics. Original language – The original language should be indicated within square brackets, preceded by the word in. Title in English – The translated version of the title should be placed within brackets and placed in italics. Translated by – If you translated the text using Google Translate or Google's " Translate this page" option then use Google Translate as the name of the translator. If you translated the text yourself, or someone did it for you, then you should put their names here instead. Web address (URL) – If you used the "Translate this page" option on Google then use the web address (URL) to the source as translated, otherwise include the direct address of the untranslated source. |
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When using images within your written work it is essential that you reference your image sources accurately. This is a very similar process to writing citations and a bibliography for text sources. There are two main components used to reference your images -
- Image number and caption. Place a figure number, caption and the year the image was produced directly beneath each image.
- List of illustrations. Your list of illustrations is a detailed list of your image sources and how you accessed them. It should be arranged by figure number, in ascending order.
The method shown in this guide is the formal method of referencing images based on the Harvard system and is suitable for referencing images used within essays or dissertations. This method is not necessarily suitable for all assignments, such as reports that contain a lot of visual material, so your tutors may recommend a more suitable way of referencing images.
You can refer to, or highlight, images that you’ve included in your written work by writing (See Fig. x), where x is the figure number of the image. Like in this example:
Many of Delacroix’s paintings contain orientalist themes (See Fig. 1)
What is a list of illustrations?
A list of illustrations is a list of all the visual and image sources used in your written assignment. Your list of illustrations must be -
- Arranged by figure number. Unlike a bibliography, a list of illustrations is arranged by figure number, starting with the first, in ascending order.
- Placed at the end of your assignment but before your bibliography. Your list of illustrations should be placed before your bibliography at the end of your assignment.
- Formatted correctly. Your image references must be written in a particular way, with specific bits of information placed in the correct order. It is important that you stick to the examples in this guide, making sure that brackets, full-stops and other characters are placed correctly.
- Must match your image captions. Every image caption included within your writing should have a corresponding entry in your list of illustrations. Make sure that all of the basic information in your captions matches that in your list of illustrations
- Excluded from your word count. Your list of illustrations should not be included in the word count for your assignment.
Writing figure numbers and image captions
Each image should have its own figure number and the numbers are allocated by order of appearance. The first image in your written work will be Figure 1, the second will be Figure 2, followed by Figure 3, Figure 4 and so on. You should clip the word Figure to the shortened form, Fig. but remember to include the full stop at the end.
If the image you are using is a named photograph or work of art, you should use that name as its caption. If your image does not have a name, your caption should simply describe what the image is. The caption must be placed in italics.
The year of publication / creation should be placed in round brackets directly after your caption.
You should place the figure number, caption and year of publication directly beneath each image, like in the following example -
Fig. 1 Blank image placeholder (2019)
If you are using Microsoft Word to write your assignment, right-click on an image and select the option to “Insert caption...”. This will allow you to choose where your captions appear, the image label (which you may need to change to display as Fig.) and will automatically update the numbers as you add new images.
How to write your list of illustrations
For each reference in your list of illustrations you will need specific bits of information that will vary depending on the kind of image you are using. You will need to start with the following -
- Name of the Artist / Photographer / Creator
- Year the artwork was created
- Title of artwork
- Information on how the image was published.
Your list of illustration references must be written in a particular way, with all the required information placed in the correct order. For example, this is the breakdown of a reference for an image found online -
| Information Required | Examples |
|---|---|
| Name of creator / website Year of creation Title of graph / chart / diagram Medium Web address (URL) Date accessed (if online) |
Fig. 22 Mintel (2021) Designer Fashion – UK – How they shop. [Chart] At: https://data.mintel.com/databook/1049095/#Q18 (Accessed 05/04/2022). Fig. 23 Turner, N. (2022) UK car market share, based on New AutoMotive. [Chart] At: https://newautomotive.org/blog/electric-car-count-april-2022 (Accessed 11/05/2022). |
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Notes Name of creator / website – if there is no creator listed, use the name of the website instead (e.g. Mintel) |
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| Information Required | Examples |
|---|---|
|
Title or description of image |
Fig. 1 Panoramic view of Memphis in Assassin's Creed: Origins (2018) [Game still, PS4] In: Assassin's Creed: Origins. Montreuil, France: Ubisoft. Fig. 2 Thandie Newton in Westworld (2018) [Television still, Bluray] In: Westworld: Season 2. New York: HBO. Fig. 3 Saoirse in the sea (2016) [Film still, DVD] In: Song of the Sea. Paris: Studiocanal. Fig. 4 Ophelia and the mandrake (2007) [Film Still, Amazon Prime] In: Pan’s Labyrinth. Burbank, California: Warner Bros. Pictures. At: https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/video/detail/B0106FKHV0/ (Accessed 02/03/2022). |
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Notes Title or description of image – Briefly describe the contents of the image. Year of creation – The year the film, television show or game was released in the format you are referring to. Medium/format – You should indicate whether you are referring to a film, television or game and in what format. For films and television this could be DVD, Bluray or VHS. For games, it could be which console or game-platform. |
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| Information Required | Examples |
|---|---|
|
Name of artist / creator |
Fig. 5 Inguimberty, J. (1938) Le Hamac. [Oil on Canvas] 201 x 301 cm. In: Pentcheff, G. (2012) Joseph Inguimberty 1896-1971. Marseille: Musee Des Beaux- Arts De Gaillac. p.113. Fig. 6 Lange, D. (1937) Rex Theatre for Coloured People, Leland, Mississippi. [Photograph] In: Pardo, A. and Golbach, J. (Eds.) (2018) Dorothea Lange: Politics of Seeing. London: Barbican Centre, Prestel. p.129. |
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Notes Title of artwork – This should be placed in italics. Medium – Indicate what kind of medium you are referring to... e.g. is it a painting, a photograph, a collage. This should be placed in square brackets. Dimensions (if applicable) – Provide the dimensions of the artwork if this information is required by the reader. Your tutor will advise if dimensions are required by your course. |
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| Information Required | Examples |
|---|---|
|
Name of the artist / creator |
Fig. 7 Yogantha, V. (2018) Untitled portrait of Indian woman. [Photograph] In: Aperture 234 p.115. Fig. 8 Burberry advertisement featuring Adwoa Aboah (2018) [Advertisement] In: Love 19 p.43. Fig. 9 Framestore VR Studio (2014) VR Experience created for the film Interstellar. [Photograph] In: Creative Review 37(8) p.146-147. |
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Notes Name of artist/creator – Try and identify the name of the artist/creator but if that's not possible place the title of the image first instead, as in the second example above. Year of creation – This should be the year that the photograph/artwork was produced. Title of image/artwork – This should be placed in italics. Medium – Indicate what kind of medium you are referring to... e.g. is it a painting, a photograph, a collage. Dimensions (if applicable) – Provide the dimensions of the artwork if this information is required by the reader. Your tutor will advise if dimensions are required by your course. |
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| Information Required | Examples |
|---|---|
| Name of artist / creator Year of creation Title of image / artwork Medium Dimensions (if applicable) Web address (URL) Date accessed |
Fig. 10 Hotpot (2023) Knight in Library. [AI generated image] At: https://hotpot.ai/s/ art-generator/8-qCbi0aGbCwDHvnh (Accessed 28/04/2023). Fig. 11 O'Keeffe, G. (1919) Series 1, No.8 [Oil on canvas] 50.8 x 40.6 cm At: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Georgia_O%27Keeffee,_Series_1_No._8.jpg (Accessed 24/08/2020). Fig. 12 Clement, J. (2019) Global social network penetration rate as of January 2019, by region. [Chart] At: https://statista.com/statistics/269615/social-network-penetration-b/ (Accessed 24/08/2020). |
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Notes Title of image/artwork – Use the image or artwork's official title where possible but otherwise use a brief description of what the image or artwork is. This should be placed in italics. Medium – Indicate what kind of medium you are referring to... e.g. is it a painting, a photograph, a collage. This should be placed within square brackets. Dimensions (if applicable) – Provide the dimensions of the artwork if this information is required by the reader. Your tutor will advise if dimensions are required by your course. Web address (URL) – This should be the direct web address (URL) to the image itself or the page that contains it. |
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| Information Required | Examples |
|---|---|
|
Name of map / location |
Fig. 14 The Peak District - White Peak area (2019) [Ordnance Survey Explorer OL24 1:25,000] Southampton: Ordnance Survey. Fig. 15 Farnham (2019) [Open Street Map] At: https://www.openstreetmap.org/search?query=Farnham#map=16/51.2154/-0.8016 (Accessed 24/08/2020). Fig. 16 Rochester and Chatham (2019) [Google Maps] At: https://www.google.co.uk/maps/place/Rochester/@51.3854172,0.55028138,14.9z/data=!4m5!m4!1s0x47d8c92a6d7a7131:0x1c7ffc1680x1c7ffc1683e563f4!8m2!3d51.388!4d0.506721 (Accessed 24/08/2020). |
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Notes Medium – The medium in this context can be used to state what kind of map or mapping service you are referring to. This should be placed within square brackets. Map scale, series and sheet number – If using a print map you should provide details of the map publisher, scale and sheet number. Web address (URL) and date accessed – You only need to include these if you used an online mapping service. Copy and paste the direct link from the mapping website. |
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| Information Required | Examples |
|---|---|
|
Title / description of screenshot |
Fig. 17 Tweet by Jacinda Ardern (2019) [Twitter feed, screenshot] At: https://twitter.com/jacindaardern (Accessed 24/08/2020). Fig. 18 Instagram post by Cardi B with user comments (2019) [Instagram, screenshot] At: https://www.instagram.com/p/B2W-2l1Ac1K/ (Accessed 24/08/2020). Fig. 19 Osmos HD game menus (2019) [Android, screenshot] At: https://osmos-game.com/ (Accessed 24/08/2020). |
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Notes This referencing format can be used to display screenshots of particular apps, software or social media platforms such as Twitter, Instagram or Reddit. Title/description of screenshot – Briefly describe the contents of the screenshot. Medium – The medium, in this context, should indicate what social media platform or software the screenshot features. Web address (URL) – This should be the direct web address (URL) to contents featured in your screenshot. If that is not possible, use the web address to the Twitter account or Game page on the appropriate app store. |
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| Information Required | Examples |
|---|---|
|
Name of artist / creator |
Fig. 20 Parfitt, M. (2019) Pond in Rosebery Park. [Photograph, landscape] In possession of: the author: Epsom. Fig. 21 Parfitt, M. (2019) Farnham sculpture park. [Photograph] In possession of: the author: Epsom. Fig. 22 Turner, A. (2013) Oyster Net. [Stoneware with lithium glaze] In possession of: the author: Farnham. Fig. 23 Turner, N. (2022) UK car market share, based on New AutoMotive. [Chart] At: https://newautomotive.org/blog/electric-car-count-april-2022 (Accessed 11/05/2022). Fig. 24 Badger, I. (2022) Margate harbour, based on data from Digimap. [Map] At: https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/roam/map/os (Accessed 21/06/22). Fig. 25 UpScaler (2023) Knight eating a banana. [AI generated image] In possession of: the author: Canterbury.
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Notes Name of photographer/creator – This should be your own name, but in the usual format of surname first, followed by initials. Title of photograph – Briefly describe the contents of the photograph. Medium – Indicate what kind of medium you are referring to... e.g. is it a painting, a photograph, a collage. This should be placed within square brackets. Name of person in possession of the photographs/location – This is likely to be yourself, in which case, you can simply use "the author" rather than repeating your name. If the photographs are in the possession of someone else, then you can use their name instead. |
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Example list of illustrations
Fig. 1 Parfitt, M. (2019) Pond in Rosebery Park. [Photograph, landscape] In possession of: the author: Epsom.
Fig. 2 Crocker, T. (2019) Goldsmith Street. [Photograph] At: https://www.architecture.com/-/media/gathercontent/riba-liverpool-city-tours/image-one/1goldsmithstreettimcrockerjpg.jpg (Accessed 02/03/2022).
Fig. 3 Koelbl, H. (1987) Gaza Strip, Intifada. [Photograph] In: Misselbeck, R. (2001) 20th Century Photography: Museum Ludwig Cologne. Köln: Taschen. p.359.
Fig. 4 Instagram post by Cardi B with user comments (2019) [Instagram, screenshot] At: https://www.instagram.com/p/B2W-2l1Ac1K/ (Accessed 02/03/2022).
Fig. 5 L’Oréal (2019) Karl Lagerfeld x L’Oréal Paris Color Riche Lipstick. [Advertisement] At: https://www.instagram.com/p/B24ZQOaHRGf/ (Accessed 02/03/2022).
Fig. 6 Framestore VR Studio (2014) VR Experience created for the film Interstellar. [Photograph] In: Creative Review 37(8) p.146-147.
Fig. 7 Panoramic view of Memphis in Assassin’s Creed: Origins (2018) [Game still, PS4] In: Assassin’s Creed: Origins. Montreuil, France: Ubisoft.
Fig. 8 Saoirse in the sea (2016) [Film still, DVD] In: Song of the Sea Paris: Studiocanal.
Fig. 9 Inguimberty, J. (1938) Le Hamac. [Oil on Canvas] 201 x 301 cm. In: Pentcheff, G. (2012) Joseph Inguimberty 1896-1971. Marseille: Musee Des Beaux- Arts De Gaillac. p.113.
Using an Appendix
Some examples of the types of things that you may want to include in an Appendix:
- Transcripts of interviews you have carried out
- The questionnaire that you used in your research
- Research data you have collected
- Your own translations of texts in another language.
Formatting your Appendix
An appendix should be placed at the end of your essay or dissertation but before your illustration list and bibliography.
If there is more than one appendix label them using letters, e.g. Appendix A, Appendix B. Label and arrange them in the order they are referred to in your text.
Start your appendix on a new page with the title Appendix or Appendices if there is more than one.
Label your Appendix and add a descriptive title. For example:
Appendices
Appendix A: Online survey about awareness of fast fashion.
Citing material included in an appendix
You can refer to material in your appendix within your work. Include a citation at the bottom of your appendix, if the text or data is not your own, which corresponds with a bibliography entry following the Personal communications (Email and interviews) example in this guide.
For example, the full text from an interview may be included in an Appendix. Underneath the text add a citation that references the person being interviewed, this citation should also appear when you reference the material in your work:
(Turner, 2022)
You can also refer to material in your appendix in your work. For example, when you are referring to a survey or statistics that you have compiled:
The results for the online survey shows that 80% of respondents were not aware that.... (see Appendix A).
Appendix B reveals that 60% of respondents could not effectively identify the environmental problems created by the fast fashion industry.
Artificial Intelligence
If you have used or referred to information created by an artificial intelligence (AI) tool in your work, you must acknowledge this as a source in your work. The acknowledgement will consist of a citation and a corresponding entry in your Bibliography, and in the case of images, an image caption and a corresponding entry in your List of Illustrations.
There are currently no specific standards for referencing AI, this advice could be subject to change.
To reference AI in your work use templates that exist in UCA Harvard:
- Personal Communications (email and interviews) – if you are using AI as a text source.
- Websites and Social Media – if you are referencing a specific tool or piece of AI software.
- Images obtained online – if you have an AI-created image which is recoverable and has a url.
- Unpublished Images (created by yourself) – if you have created an image which cannot be linked to or recovered.
Personal Communications (email and interviews)
If the AI text is only available to you, for example via chat such as ChatGPT, then cite this as Personal Communications (email and interviews) as per the examples in the UCA Harvard Guide.
Note - currently content produced by AI chat cannot be recovered or linked to, so you will be unable to provide a url. Instead of providing a url, you should provide a full transcript of prompts and responses from your conversation in the appendix.
Citation example:
When asked who the most influential architects of all time were, Open AI (2023) suggested that many architects have left their mark, out of the seven that were listed only one, Zaha Hadid, was female.
Bibliography example:
Open AI (2023) AI conversation with Badger, I. 20/03/2023.
Websites and social media
If you need to reference the AI tool, and not the content that it has produced, then follow the format for Websites and social media.
For example:
Open AI (2023) ChatGPT. At: https://chat.openai.com (Accessed 28/04/2023).
Images obtained online
If the image is recoverable and has a url which can be shared, then follow the format for Images obtained online.
For example:
Fig. 1 Hotpot (2023) Knight in Library. [AI generated image] At: https://hotpot.ai/s/ art- generator/8-qCbi0aGbCwDHvnh (Accessed 28/04/2023).
Unpublished Images (created by yourself)
If the image cannot be recovered and does not have a url, then follow the format for Unpublished Images (Created by yourself)..
For example:
Fig. 2 UpScaler (2023) Knight eating a banana. [AI generated image] In possession of: the author: Canterbury.
